CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The decision whether
or not to have children is one of the most important decision a married couple
makes. Both parents often sit to make the decision. Children bring great joy,
but they also bring great deal of responsibilities, they demand a great deal of
time sometime, both parents give up some activities to help rear their
children. Children also represent an added expense from the hospital cost of
delivery the bay to clothes, food, education and health. A new child is
therefore a big addition to the family’s budget, which also goes a long way to
affect the economy of the nation.
Deciding when to have
children and how many to have are matters of family planning. Family planning
helps a family avoid having children before such a family is ready and to have
only the number of children it wants. By using family planning, couples can be
prepared financially, emotionally and economically for new child.
Family planning
involves birth control and also refers to hormonal births control such as the
pill, injectable birth control, birth control patches and implant, condom,
contraceptive sponges, diaphragms and spermicide. The method of preventing
pregnancy is called contraception. Some means of contraceptives are safer than
others and some are more effective than others. In addition, some
contraceptives are forbidden by certain religion. Before using contraceptive,
it is important to consult a doctor or health clinic for information.
Sometimes, despite
family planning, unwanted pregnancies do occur, unwanted pregnancies bring a
great deal of stress. Another choice is instead of having the babies some
people may do abortion which is the termination of a pregnancy.
Abortion is different
from contraception since abortion occurs after a woman is pregnant many people
believe that is morally wrong to take the life of a foetus while most religious
groups are seriously against abortion. (Budgetchell, 1976). To have children by
choice instead of by chance involves birth control through several accepted
methods. A generation ago, or so babies arrived as often as nature would
permit. Today, family planning utilizing accepted methods of contraceptive
control enables parents to have their children as they want them and can care
for them. (John & Williams (1957).
Most methods of
family planning have an organization and a philosophical backing behind them.
It is therefore important that there adopting and birth control method, its
potency be considered, since birth control is safe than pregnancy, especially
after a woman has had many children (David Werner, 1988). Modern health care is
now saving the lives of many babies and mothers would have died.
The Government of
Nigeria has thus supported family planning programmes and there is an official organization
named the Planned Parenthood federation of Nigeria
Some people believe
that sex is only for having babies, and that enjoying sex for any other
reasons- for love, whether outside or inside marriage or just for pleasure is
immoral and sinful for them. Contraception is wrong because sexual freedom is
wrong and the only choice I abstinence. This is a matter for each person and
each couple to decide for themselves.
They study therefore
intends to investigate the relationship between family planning and religion.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
The advocate of both
population control and abortion tells us that the world is becoming over
crowded, that is another few hundred years there would not be starting space on
the earth. Most of the births resulted from unwanted pregnancies.
In the Nigeria
Many Nigerians do not
embrace this family planning programme as a result of their religious beliefs.
This study therefore sets out to find out the relationship that exists between
the major types of religions found in this country and family planning.
BROAD OBJECTIVES
1. Health Education information and skill
building for informed decision making
2. Empowerment of both male and females to exercise
reproductive right and take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive
health.
3. Reduction in the incidence of illness and death due to
reproduction health disorders
4. Reduction in the rate of unplanned and
unwanted pregnancies.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main aim of this
study is to analyze the relationship between family planning and religion. To
achieve this aim, the specific objectives are to:
1. To promote family planning in the
country
2. To prevent unwanted pregnancy
3. To reduce infant morality
4. To help in preventing HIV/AIDS
5. To empower people and enhance education
6. To reduce adolescent pregnancies
7. To slow down population growth.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1. There will be no significant difference in the ages of
participants towards the relationship between family planning and religion.
2. There will be no significant difference in the attitude of
the participant towards the relationship between family planning and religion.
3. There will be no significant difference between the cultural
beliefs of the participant towards the relationship between family planning and
religion.
4. There will be no significant between the level of education
of participants toward the relationship between family planning and religion.
5. There will be no significant difference between the sex of
the participants towards the relationship between family planning and religion.
6. There will be no significant difference between the
religious belief of participants towards the relationship between family
planning and religion.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1. To correct he erroneous idea that the Muslim and Christians
have about family planning.
2. Encourage introducing parents to plan ahead for their
children and prepare things necessary for good health.
3. Improve the awareness level of respondents of types of
family planning methods that are available.
4. It will encourage more individuals and couples to go for
adequate family planning leaving religion aside.
5. Serves as a basis for further research on the relationship
between family and religion.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The materials from
where the data for this study are sourced are mostly written work from
libraries and article. They include textbooks, journals, news papers online
browsing and magazine. Infact this research work is mainly based on secondary
data, and questionnaire method will be use in collecting and analyzing data.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this
study will lay emphasis on relationship between family planning and religion in
Ijebu Ode, Ogun State
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The limitation
surrounding this study are as follow stud researcher makes sure that his
research study covers the woman between 15 years to 49 years (child bearing
age) in Ijebu Ode town so as to cover reasonable size of the sample.
1. Inadequate finance in terms of the instrumentation used e.g.
questionnaire so that it would evenly be distributed.
2. Time factor on the other hand was considered so that
research school work was not affected and in order not to make use of
department instrumentation.
3. Some of the respondents did not
cooperate in the filling of the questionnaire forms
appropriately.
4. Uncooperative altitude from some of the
respondents in religious basis.
5. There were initial problem of securing the cooperation of
Muslim woman in purdah (ELEHAS). Those selected demanded anonymity before
cooperation.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Family: A group of person consisting of parents and their
children forming a household, connected by blood, names etc which is also
distinguished by ancient lineage with its traditions
2. Planning: An arrangement of means, steps, or scheme for the
attainment of some objectives forming a method and having an intention or
purpose.
3. Religion: A belief binding the nature of ma to a supernatural
being as involving a feeding of dependence and responsibilities together with
the feelings and practices which naturally flow from such a belief.
4. Relationship: This state or connection of being related of
common ancestry belonging to the same harmonic and melodic series.
5. Family Planning: According to WHO defined family planning as a
way of living and thinking that is adopted voluntarily about the basis of
knowledge, attitude and responsible decision made by an individual and couples
in order to promote health and welfare of the family group and contribute
effective to the socioeconomic development of the country. Also it can also be
defined as the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and
the interval between their births particularly by means of artificial contraception
or voluntary sterilization.
6. Couples: Two individual of the same sort considered together or
two people who are married or engaged.
7. Pregnancy: A gravidity or gestation in which or more offspring
develops inside a woman.
8. Contraceptives: Any device or
technique that prevent conception.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
HISTORY OF FAMILY PLANNING
In every section of
the abitable world, people have an ideal of family planning and this is an old
as creation. In a layman’s term, family planning is having the number of
children you want and when you want them. In other words, it is the control of
child birth through the invention of workable methods, as a result of the
society realizing the terrible outcome of human over population. This realization
came to a time when many post war marriages were at the height of their child
rearing and child bearing stages.
A strong attitude of
pronatalism which is favoring a high birth rate prevailed, in earlier times,
such proatalism was understandable because large unihabited spaces were still
available ad large families were economically advantages in farming societies.
But the world is clearly running out of space and resources for human
subsistence where as the possibilities of procreation were almost unlimited.
Population rise is therefore bound to outstrip of production and disequilibrium
is the natural result. (Agboola, 1992)
Hence, the idea of
family planning originated in Europe toward
the end of the 18th Century by a famous economist named T.R. Malthus
(1766 – 1834) who concluded that for prosperity, it was essential that the
corresponding rate of increase in population should never be allowed to exceed
its food stuffs production. Meanwhile, he prescribed the old recipe of
abstinence which is late marriage and self restrains I matrimonial life.
Margare Sanger
(1879-1966) invented the phrase “ Birth Control” with two slogans which are
“more children form the fit: less from the unit and “Birth control to create a
race of through breeds”. She further stressed that such unfit members of the
society should be eliminated by massive sterilization through a process she
called “polite genocide”- she was a complete racist. Margaret Sanger was also
the “Skeleton in the cupboard” of the planed parenthood federation which later
founded the international Planned Parenthood federation of which she became an
honorary president.
Another racist in England Great Britain
It is now recognized
that these two women were the architects of modern society with its sexual
permissiveness pornography, divorce, contraception and abortion. The necessity
controlling the growth of population through the use of contraceptives was also
supported by an American Author named Charles Knowiton in 1833, and an
association was formed with Dr. Drysdale as the president which launched a
publicity campaign in favour of birth control in America Netherlands , Belgium ,
France and Germany and it gradually spread to the rest of
the countries in Europe and America
In the traditional
society of Nigeria
It was also a
characteristics features of men to marry many wives because the number of wives
which one had was one of the criteria used in determine hi worth and the number
of children that he would have which would enable him to proactive effectively
of fairly large scale agriculture which was the principal occupation in our
society ten. They therefore, breed fairly large families based on the
traditional value system. Male children and also particularly seen as the
economic assets and old age security. Therefore, any family that lacked a male
child would not reduce fertility until he has got the desired number of boys.
However, couples were able to establish and manage polygamous families.
GOVERNMENT STANCE ON FAMILY PLANNING
Government mission on
family planning programme is to established a sustained environment that
facilities universal accessibility to reproductive health care services. The
world health organization affirms that family planning “exercises a positive
influence on health, development and family well-being and has a very import
impact on mothers and children”. It ensures that every child is a child by
choice rather than by chance! Family Planning which is a pillar of reproductive
health may be defined as a conscious and deliberate determination of family
size and pregnancy spacing through the utilization of a chosen method or
methods of contraception. Reproductive health is a sate of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
in cell rather relating to the reproductive system.
The ministry of
health National family planning policy is included as a priority goal within
the country’s overall health policy. The family planning policy is considered
expedient at this time, since there appears to be a substantial demand for
family planning counseling and services. In 1994 and 1995 the health
information research unit recorded 2081 and 2529 postnatal women respectively
as having been provided with contraceptives. According to Masweeney (1982)
every culture from the beginning of creation has recognized that sex is sacred
and has surrounded it with all to bass and sacred rites, this the abuse of the
sexual acts is seen as one of the ugliest things in the world facts about sex are being concealed from the young
secondary school students b their parents which mostly lead to unwanted
pregnancies sex is held sacred by parents and this act is witnessed by
youngster performed by domestic animals at their door steps (Adelakun, 1985)
Nigerian traditional
society viewed sex as a powerful and mischievous aspects of life (Abdulahi,
1981). They also saw sex as physical act which was necessary for procreation.
There was control insulation of boys and girls though design of different
dresses for males, celebration to mark puberty and maturation. It was also a
taboo to engage in pre-marital sex, which makes brides to be very conscious of
the social consequences of losing their virginity before day of honeymoon, blood
soaked bedding are always accorded with praises, congratulatory messages, gifts
to the just disvirgined bride which makes the families = friends, relatives
well wishers and new couples to be filled with pride, but contrary to this, a
bride who indulges in pre-marital sex is a source of shame to her parent. In
short everyone wanted a virgin for a wife in our traditional society. (Ibiam,
1979).
In our society of
today, people are getting more individualistic with liberty for expression ad
actions. People now tend to be less religiously ad superstiously inclined and
this has rough about a wide spread sex abuse. Thus, the planed parenthood
federation of Nigeria
1. To encourage the building up of
healthier and happy families.
2. To encourage the proper spacing of children among family
with a view to protect the health of mothers and children as well as reduce
ill-health and death among them.
3. To educate men and women about the
danger of unwanted pregnancies and encourage
child bearing by choice and not by change.
4. To advice and help those who want children but have none and
those who want to regulate their fertility.
5. To give women more time to take more active part ii the
affairs of the community and to enjoy greater happiness in family and social
relationship as a result of child spacing.
6. To form branches and to admit existing bodies which have
identical aims and objectives and to assist them financially and otherwise in
furtherance of the aims and objectives of the federation.
7. To undertake and assist the creation, expansion and
modernization of services auxiliary to family planning.
8. To encourage and actively support researches into family
planning techniques and other studies being directly or indirectly on the
improvement of family, health ad welfare in Nigeria.
9. To help youths, especially adolescents to understand their
sexuality and to educate them on their roles in the society towards responsible
parenthood (PPFN). In the early 70’s, people at this period believed that in
years to come, Nigerians would have to witness populated explosion and in this
wise, it would be difficult for the country to cope with either her society or
economical problems. It was asserted that people will have to demand for many
things which the Government would not be in good position to give and life will
be burdensome and there will be social discontent in the society. These
assertions was revealed by the result of 1973 census which put Nigerian’s
population at roughly 80 million and by 1983, it was between 90 and 100 million
persons which is presently growing at 3% per year (National population
Commission, 1993).
Nigeria Government
has not decided to take a clear stand on the issue of family planning. The only
thing the Government did was to counsel people to proactive and Health educate
on family planning and voluntary basis. This was done by the Buhari/Idiagbon
regime in 1984. They emphasized the counseling aspect by establishing the
Planned Parenthood federation of Nigeria
Several organizations
were established and magazines were being published to preach its dogma to
mould the public’s opinion in its favour and to acquaint the people with family
planning methods and techniques. Effort in support of family planning arouse
out of the appeal by social welfare worker of the federal ministry of labour,
for voluntary help to provide marriage guidance and counseling for couples.
When it was formed, it includes officers from social welfare, Education, Legal
profession, public information and public health.
By the 4th
of February, 1988 the then Armed forces Ruling council approved a national
policy on population for development, unit, progress and self reliance. Some of
the aims and objectives are:
1. To reduce the number of children a woman is likely to have
during her lifetime to four per woman.
2. To reduce the proportion of woman bearing ore than four
children by 80% by the year 2000.
3. To reduce pregnancy to mothers below 15 years ad above35
years by 90% by the year 2000. TO meet these aims, family planning in Nigeria
DEFINITION OF FAMILY PLANNING
When the question
“What is family planning?” comes to mid, we look at it from different
perspective. According to social workers, clergymen, economists and health
educators, family planning can be regarded as conscious attempt by couple to
have the number of children they need. The Webster’s new collegiate Dictionary
(1979) define. Family as the basic unit in the society having as its nucleus
two or more adults living together and cooperating in he care and rearing of
their children (pg. 325); while planning implies the acts or process of making
or carrying out plan. It involves the establishment of goals, polices and
procedures for a social or economic unit (pg 605).
Webster new
collegiate dictionary give on to define family planning as the decisions
making process involving couples on how many children to have and when to have
them. It entail a planning process as well as a realization process of some
goals or objectives embarked upon before and after marriage. When these goals
and objectives are well co-ordinted
with the family nit, it ensure longer life for mother and child and this
eventually colmirates into health family.
Family planning is a
way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily through the practice of
contraception or other method of birth control on the basis of knowledge,
attitude ad responsible decision by individuals and couple in order to promote
the health and welfare of the family and contribute to the social and economic
development of the country.
Family planning also
assist couples who have difficulty in having children, to determine their
fertile period.
According to Planned
Parenthood federation of Nigeria
Family planning
involves counseling and dissemination of information on birth control methods
in order to limit the number of children desired while some people see family
planning as a means of preventing unwanted pregnancies or way of limiting the
size of family.
Different parents
have reasons for wanting to limit the size of their family. Some young parents
may decide to delay having any child until they can afford to care for them
well. Some parents may decide that a small number of children is enough and
they never wanted more, while others my want to space their children several
years apart so that both the children and the mother will be healthier. All these
are possible through the help of birth control. (David Werner, 1988).
FAMILY PLANNING METHODS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
EACH METHOD
There are basically
two phase of family planning and both have their different method. They are the
Natural methods and artificial methods of family planning.
The Natural family
planning is best defined as a spiritual way of life, an attempt to explore the
full depths of all the relationship which constitute the family ad particular
to study male and female physiology so that in union with creator, children may
be safely born in love and adequate cared for. God is recognized as part f the
family in this case and no artificial device is being used but it is mainly
founded on love, beliefs or customs handed fro one generation to another.
(Michael Golden, 1981).
In the olden days,
the traditional methods of contraceptive fall under this following categories
which show that family planning is not new in society. According to Delano
1. Abstinence: This means not have sexual intercourse at all. It
is the most effective way of preventing Pregnancy as well as a good way of
preventing sexually transmitted diseases e.g. (HIV).
2. Billing Ovulation Method: This is a method based on seeing and
feeling for the fertile cervical mucus which occurs during fertile period, the
mucus is slipper like white part of raw egg, and stretches between two fingers
and examination.
3. Calendar / Rhythm Method: This is on that client divides her
cycle into three equal parts staring from the first day of bleeding. The first
and last one thirds are regarded as safe or infertile periods. While the middle
one third is the fertile or unsafe period for couples to have intercourse if
the d not wish to achieve pregnancy.
4. Basal Body Temperature Method: This involves daily checking of
body temperature preferably early in the morning, using a special ovulation
thermometer. A slight rise in body temperature may indicate ovulation. This is
not a reliable method in malaria endemic area.
5. Symptothermal: This involves combination of basal body
temperature method with observation of cerval mucus.
6. Withdrawal Method: This involves withdrawal of the penis just
before ejaculation.
. Breast
Feeding Method or lactation Amenorrhea Method: This is the use a of
breast feeding as a contraceptive method. It involves feeding the baby on deman
d for about 6 – 10 times a day
Advantages of Natural Family Planning Methods
1. Fairly effective (63 – 98% depending on
proper use)
2. It is free or inexpensive
3. No physical side effects
4. It is accepted by religious who do not
accept another method.
5. Can be used by literate and illiterate
couples.
Disadvantages of Natural Family Planning Method
1. Does not protect against STDs including
AIDS
2. Failure rate is high if not properly used.
3. Long period of abstinence may not cause
marital problems.
4. Woman with irregular period may not be
to use calendar method.
5. Vaginal infection may interfere with
normal mucus symptoms
Traditional Methods of Contraception: The prominent traditional methods are Arm/waist Band, scarification
marks-incision made on mons veneris, wooden Doll or Omolangidi, lock pad lock,
salt use for douching the vagine by the woman after coitus, leme juice-drank
immediately after coihis, specific vegetables cooked for only the woman to eat,
back of tee-steamed given to the women t drink, potash potassium sulphate
dissolved in water for the woman to drink.
Advantages:
1. Use even when modern methods were not
available
2. Majority of them are self administered.
Disadvantages
1. Mechanism of action are not clearly
defined
2. Effectiveness cannot be ascertained
3. Not palatable
4. Failure rate is high.
Artificial Family Planning Meeting: The definition of artificial family planning as given in
the instruction booklet for midwives is simply the use of any method for
delaying pregnancy for a short or long time. The methods includes the condom,
Diaphragm, Injectables, oral contraceptives, spermicide, contraceptive spong,
voluntary surgical contraception i.e. Bilateral tubal ligation and vasectomy.
Spermicides: These
products work by killing sperm and come in sever forms- foam, gel cream, film,
supportitory, or tablet. They are placed in the vagina no more than one hour
before intercourse.
Mode of Action:
Effectiveness: 84% effective.
This can be increased to 98% if combined with the use of condom.
Advantages
1. It can be used by anyone as it easy to
insert
2. Helps to protects against P.I.D. and
entopic pregnancy
3. May protect against cervical cancer.
Disadvantages
1. The use may interrupt sexual intercourse as couple must wait
for 10 minutes to allow the chemical (spericides / tables) to melt and be
effective
2. May be messy.
3. Must be inserted before each act of
sexual intercourse
Condoms: This method is a mechanical barrier methods, is a seath
of thin latex (synthetic rubber) commonly referred to Durex or rain coat can be
opaque, transparent or coloured. E also have female condom.
Mode of Action:
It is worn over an
erect penis and it collects semen to prevent sperm from entering the vaginal.
Effectiveness:
80-97% effective when popularly used.
Advantages
1. Easy to use
2. Inexpensive
3. prevention of STDs
Disadvantages
1. If torn, it can lead to pregnancy
2. May decrease sensitivity in some en so
that intercourse is not as enjoyable
3. Condoms can deteriorate if stored in
too much heat.
Diaphragm:
It is a soft rubber cup with a firm but flexible rim around the doge. They have
various size.
Mode of Action:
It covers the cervix and cream or jelly used with it inhibits sperm movement
and kill sperm.
Effectiveness:
Very effective when properly use (72-97% depending on use).
Advantages
1. No systematic medication involved
2. Very effective when used properly
Disadvantages
1. May cause allergic reaction or itching
to women
2. It may slip out of place during
intercourse
Contraceptive Sponge:
This is made of polyurethane foa. The sponge is cup-shape to cover the cervix,
about 6cm in diameter and 3cm thick.
Effectiveness:
Is slightly less effective than diaphragm
Advantages
1. The sponge does not need to be fitted,
it comes in one size
2. It is less messy than use of a jelly.
Disadvantages
1. It is not effective at one year use
2. It carries injections into the vagina
and cervix.
Oral Contraceptive Pills: It is a pill use to prevent pregnancy.
Types of OCP
available in Nigeria
1. Combined oral contraceptive e.g.
femenal
2. Progestin in only pill e.g. Noriday
3. Emergency Contraceptive pills
4. Male pills e.g Gossypol
Mode of Actions
1. It suppress ovulation
2. It make cervical mucus to become
thickened so that sperm cannot penetrate.
Advantages
1. Safe for most women
2. Easy to use
3. Regulates menstrual cycle
4. Highly effective if use correctly
5. Readily available
6. It prevents ovarian and endometrial
cancer
Disadvantages
1. No protection against STD and AIDS
2. Expensive for some clients
3. It lead to mood change
4. It must be taken everyday
5. It may cause nausea, headache, spotting
and abdominal pain.
Injectable:
This is a long acting hormonal contraceptive =, give monthly (depending on the
type) similar in action to the pills.
Types are:
1. Progestin only e.g. 1 & 2
2. Combined injectable e.g. 3
3. Depo-Provera – 150mg given every 3
months.
4. Noristeral 200mg given every 2 months
interval
5. Cyclofem and mesigna monthly
Mode of action
Causing change in the
uterine walls, which either inhibits fertilization or prevent implantation,
preventing ovulation.
Advantages
1. It is highly effective
2. It is long acting
3. Decrease menstrual bleeding
4. It does not suppress lactation
5. May produce amenorrhea
Disadvantages
1. Delay return of fertility
2. May cause menstrant irregulaties
3. Amenorrhea
4. Does not protect against STI/AIDS and
HIV
5. Cannot be withdraw from the system once
given except is time expires.
Implants:
This is a birth
control method newly introduce involving implantation of 1 or 2 salastic
capsules into the woman’s upper arm through a minor surgical operation to
prevent pregnancy for a period for 1, 3 or 5 years or more. It only contain
progestin.
Advantages
1.
very effective
2.
it is long acting
Disadvantages
1.
Amenorrhea
2.
Does not protect
against STI/AIDS and HIV. Intrauterine contraceptive device
Intrauterine Contraceptive Device
This is small object
or flexible device usually made of plastic material that is inserted into
the uterine cavity by a trained family planning provider
to prevent pregnancy.
Advantages
1.
highly effective
2.
easily reversible
3.
no systems side
effects
Disadvantages
1. expulsion (occasionally)
2. risk of pelvic infection
3. heavy menstrual flow
Bilateral tubal
ligation
Is a voluntary
surgical counliaceptive for women by
ties the fallopian tube or cutting it. It stop a women egg from being able to
travel from her ovaries to her uterus.
Vasectomy:
is the procedure in which the tubes (vasdeferens) that carry a mans sperm to
his urethra are cut
Advantages
1. it is highly effective
2. couples no fear of unwanted pregnancy
3. permanent method
4. no continuous revisits if the clinic
unless there is problem
Disadvantages
1. Operation has to be performed by doctor
(specialist)
2. It is irreversible
Religion and Family Planning
Religion plays a very
important and vital role as regards the code and conduct of people in which
family planning is one. Some people do not take to family because of their religion
affiliation. This part thus sets out to consider mainly the Christians, Muslims
and traditional religions as regards family planning. The Christians split into
two categories as regards their belief in family planning. The Roman Catholic
group do not hide its disdain for family planning such as the Rhythms and
billing ovulation method (Adejumo et at, 1986 and May 1989).
The other sets of
Christians belief that even God who is the creator of all hand a plan for its
creation, so as an image of God, there is the need to plan our lives, although
some believe in procreation (Genesis 1: 28) and regard is as one of the nature
of God, but God want us to reason, to plan for the future by producing the
umber of children we can adequately cater for, to prevent them from being
misled which is a sin.
Sexual intercourse in
Christianity is limited to the married could and it is believed that each
couple should come to an agreement as regards the method to imbibe in planning
their families, presently, marital guidance services are rendered in churches
and issues on family planning are openly discussed, as the scripture emphasized
the concept responsible – parenthood . (1 Tim. 5:8) It then irresponsible to
bring into the world more children than one can nurture, spiritually,
financially, emotionally and educationally.
The Islamic family
planning has been in existence long before planned parenthood federation begin
its devices. While the modern family planning began its devices after marriage,
Islamic family planning begins before marriage. According to Quran 24:33 “And
as for those who do not have the capacity for marriage, let them live in
continence until God grants them sufficiency out of His bounty” Delay in
marriage is a form f reducing population growth. Another kind of family
planning device recorded in Qur’an 2, 233 reads “And the mothers shall give
suck to their children for two whole years, if they wish to complete the period
of nursing”. Also in Quran 31:15 “We have enjoined upon man concerning his
parents – his mother bears him in weakness upon weakness, and his weaning takes
two years.
Islam permits “AZI”,
coitus interrupts (withdrawal method) since it was practiced by the companion
of the holy prophet (P.b.o.h) with is approval. Several Hadith gave credence to
this such as jabir who said, “we used to practice coitus interrupts during the
time of prophet Muhammed (P.b.O.h) ad when he learned of this, he did not
disallow us”. But it is not permissive according to Islam jurisprudence for a
National government to dictate contraceptives practices to citizens (Fromer,
1983). Both Christians and Muslims imbided the natural family planning methods
but do not support abortion.
The Holy Quran
expresses this conviction very well in Qur’an 17:31 & 33 “Do not kill your
children from fear of poverty. We provide for you and for them, surely killing
the is a great sin…” Do not kill anyone, except in the course of justice, for
God has made human life sacred’, abortifacients are the cultural practice
related to reproduction and sexuality that affect fertility, post partum,
abstinence associated with lactation.
Many cultures
discourage sexual intercourse while the mother is breast feeding to enable each
child receive enough care, this unconsciously prevent pregnancy because during
this period of reast feeding, the woman body naturally produces a substance
which prevents pregnancy. (David Werner 1988).
Polygamy is also a
traditional way of controlling fertility. The value placed on virginity
prevents younger women from being pregnant until they are married, women that
re grandmothers are also expected to abstain indefinitely from intercourse
among some cultural groups. However, the most effective ancient technique still
in use today is withdrawal. Coitus interruption of sex at before organism to
prevent the semen from entering the women uterus. (Dopalum, 1989).
Family planning thus
cut across every religious groups.
EMPERICAL STUDIES OF FAMILY PLANNING
A number of studies
have been carried out by researchers on fertility and family planning including
the knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning as related to religion
both have in Nigeria
In a study carried
out by Oyediran and Ejiwumi (1972) to know the characteristics of women seeking
family planning, it was found that majority of women attending clinics on the
time of the study were aged 20-39 years and had between 3 and 4 children. This
data compared with the previous one in Lagos
Another study
conducted by the development of community Health, university of Lagos Medical
school on family planning activities and practice among unmarried others in
Surulere area of Lagos State A large percentage of the respondent have never
used any contraceptive device before out of the few respondents who uses family
planning methods, majority are educated which is related to the study carried
out by Lambo and Bakare (1971) among selected couples from two areas in Ibadan
and a rural area near Abeokuta. 59.8% of the respondents stated that they did
not have any knowledge of family planning while 75% approved their attitude
towards family planning. This study points to the fact that there was no
widespread of family planning services.
According to cladwell
(1981), I a recent review studies in fertility pattern and control in West
Africa (KAP Survey) Every measures show incense in both knowledge and proactive
of family planning with the most rapid change being in knowledge. This seems to
suggest that family planning is spreading to groups which are not as motivated
or are able to practice it.
Ohadike (1971),
identified factors associated with fertility and established a negative
correlation between education and fertility while Olusanya (1985) concluded
that the more educated the wife, the more number of years that she space her
children because they come to realize that unspaced pregnancies affects the
health of the previous child.
Yamkey and Kizk
(1970) in their descriptive survey of 8,000 subjects in Egypt
Adentan 1989, in a
study carried out on planning in Ibadan
Elesin (1986) in her
research work in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State considered the
attitudes of men and women towards family planning services. The study revealed
that almost everybody is now aware of the need for family planning, both men
and women have positive attitude towards the programme but woe generally have
higher positive attitudes than men.
Many people are now
practicing family planning than in the past; the birth rate has become closely
tied o the shifting currents of modern life, even though their influence is
difficult to ascertain. People now really tend to adjust their reproductive
behaviour quickly to change their economic and social circumstance at such a
time when the hold of deeply rooted tradition and customs has weakened.
APPRAISAL OF LITERATURE
In some parts of the
world, there has been a lot of discussion about whether different forms of
birth control are good or are safe. Some religions have bee against any form of
birth control except abstinence, but an increasing number of religious leaders
are realizing how important it is to the health and well being of families and
communities that people re able to use easier ad surer methods of birth
control.
Also, I many places,
women who gets pregnant when they do not want a child will go for abortion
illegally ad secretly, often in dirty condition and performed by unskilled
persons, thousands of women die from such abortions. If women are given the
chance to use birth control methods and information to use them wisely are
available provoked abortion, either legal or illegal would be prevented.
Some people feel that
much emphasis laid on family planning cues for the rich countries or persons
who want to keep their control over the poor by controlling their numbers while
the rich and powerful finds it hard to accept that the way they manage the
earth’s land and resources strongly contributes to world’s hunger. They see
only the growing numbers of people. In some courtiers professionals do
sterilize poor women forcefully or experiment on them with the new or unsafe
methods. For all these reasons social reformers and spokesmen for the poor
often protest against birth control. This is unfortunate, because the object of
attack should not be birth control but rather its misuse.
The attach should be against
social injustice and their unfair distribution of land and wealth. If used
well, birth control can in fact help the poor gain strength to work of their
basic human rights. But decision and responsibility for family planning must be
in the hand of the people themselves.
The importance of
family planning cannot be over-emphasized because it helps to control
population, eradicate delinquent children promote health status and helps to
give sound education as well as create a good standard of living.
Family planning helps
to remove the fear of unwanted pregnancies, enhance family’s nutrition,
promotes economic growth, social well being ad helps to plan for the future and
manage the resources effectively. Family planning also discourages social
delinquencies, reduces teenage pregnancies and illegal abortion.
One can reasonably
conclude that although attempts have been made to check the excessive growth of
the national population through family planning activities of the planned
parenthood federation of Nigeria ,
and in spite of the significant impact made the attempts have not made the
required impact on our fertility trend in Nigeria
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURE
The purpose of this
study is to examine critically the relationship between family planning and
Religion. This chapter was discussed under the following headings:
1. Research design
2. Population
3. Sample and Sampling Technique
4. Research Instrument
5. Validity of Instrument
6. Method of Data Collection
7. Method of Data Analysis
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study is a
descriptive survey. This was chosen because it helps to describe, record,
analyze ad interpret the condition that existed in a study. Nwakwo (1984)
asserted that the purpose of descriptive survey research helps that describe
existing phenomena to identify problem or justify current condition and
practices to make comparisons and evaluation and determine what they are doing
with similar problems or situation from their experience future plans and
decision.
POPULATION OF THE STUDY
Populations of the
study are married couples in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE
The population of
married couples in Ijebu Ode Local Government is very large one; therefore it
will be laborious and time consuming to study the whole population. In arriving
at sample six, the study made of partiticipant from the three zones in which
the town has been divided. Sample random sampling techniques were used to
select fifty four (54) people consisting of both men and women were chosen from
each area. The zones were Ijasi, Porogun and Iwade. The sample include 80
Christians and 82 Muslims of different socio-economic background.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The main instrument
used for study is a validated modified likert four point rating scale
questionnaire. Hassan (195) opines that questionnaire is probably the single
most widely used technique for collecting data needed in education research.
The questionnaire for
this study was divided into three sections A, B & C. Section A contained
the demographic data of the respondent while Section B is likert four point
rating type to seek adequate information on different variables that relates to
family planning. The questionnaire was close ended type designs in the modified
likert scale technique of summated rating with weights allotted s as to enable
the respondents indicate the extend of agreement or disagreement with the
supplied statement. Thus the response was based on a four-point rating of SA =
Strongly Agree, A = Agree, D = Disagree and SD = Strongly Disagree.
VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF THE INSTURMENT
For the purpose of
this, face and content validity was employed. To ensure the validity of the
instrument, the self-structured questionnaire was scrutinized by lecturers in
the department and finally by the researcher’s supervisors before it was typed
and administered. The test-re-test reliability technique was used to establish
0.6.7 though the use of Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient (v).
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
The questionnaires
were administered personally by the researcher at the different areas of Ijebu
Ode. The researcher give the questionnaire to the participants in their houses
and their centre of workship (churches and mosques). The questionnaires were
collected back immediately after it had been duly completed on the spot.
METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
The complete
questionnaire forms were collected coed and analyzed using the T-test
statistical analysis simple percentage analysis of variance statistics were
used.
Simple percentage was
used to determine the family planning methods recommended for adoption by the
respondents, while T.test was used to establish the statistical differences
between family planning and each variables, such sex, length of marriage, level
of education, religion and cultural belief. Analysis of variance was also used
to determine the difference among family planning and age groups.
The 0.05 alpha level
of significance was used for accepting or rejecting the hypotheses stated.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
This Chapter deals
with the interpretation and analysis of data and the result obtained diving the
course of the study. The analysis is based on the responses of one hundred and
sixty two (162) roundly selection married couple of ijebu-ode local government
ogun-state. The tables include the result and analysis of the simple frequency
counts and percentages on the demographic data of the respondents on the
various variables.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
TABLE 1: FAMILY PLANNING METHODS AS RECOMMENDED BY THE RESPONDENTS
|
METHODS
|
NO OF RESPONSES
|
PERCENTAGE
|
|
Condom
|
45
|
27.7
|
|
Oral Contraceptive
pulls
|
21
|
12.9
|
|
Intra-uterine
Device (140)
|
20
|
12.4
|
|
Diaphragm
|
20
|
12.4
|
|
Rhythm/Safe Period
|
18
|
11.2
|
|
Withdrawal
|
12
|
7.3
|
|
Traditional/Natural
|
10
|
6.2
|
|
Injectable
Contraceptives
|
8
|
4.9
|
|
Abstinence
|
4
|
2.5
|
|
Sterilization
|
4
|
2.5
|
|
TOTAL
|
162
|
100
|
From the analysis in
table 1 above, ten family planning methods were recommended or adoption by the
respondents of which condom was highly recommended which was rated 27.7%. The
pull comes next with 12% and the IUD with 12.4%. The Diaphragm and Rhythm were
ranked 12.4% each while withdrawal and traditional method comes next with 11.2%
each. Abstinence and sterilization were the least rated methods with 2.5% and
2.5% respectively. This shows that majority of the respondents do not support
such methods as they popularly supported the uses of condom.
The percentage
results were based on the number of responses made by respondents.
TEST
OF HYPOTHESES
Based on the
interactive review and the research questions generated in chapter one of these
studies, the following will hypotheses were raised and tested in the study.
MAIN HYPOTHESES-:
There will be no significant difference between family planning and religion of
the respondents of this study.
The above main
hypothesis was tested with T.test statistical and the result is shown in table
ii below
TABLE II
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAMILY PLANNING AND RELIGION
|
SAMPLE
|
N
|
X
|
SD
|
S2
|
df
|
t
|
‘t’
|
Test decision
|
|
CHRISTAINS
|
90
|
13.99
|
7.37
|
54.34
|
|
|
|
|
|
MUSLIMS
|
72
|
4.96
|
10.70
|
114.57
|
160
|
7.11
|
1.96
|
Rejected H
|
Level of Significant
= 0.05
From the data
presented in Table ii above, it can be seen that the calculated T value which
is 7.11 falls outside the acceptance region of the critical ‘t’ value which is
1.96 at 0.05 level of significant. This shows that there is a significant
difference between family planning and the Religions of the respondents hence
the main hypothesis is rejected.
SUB_HYPOTHESIS:-
there will be no significant difference among the attitude of respondents of
age group 20-2, 30-39, 40 and above towards family planning. The above
sub-hypothesis was tested with analysis of Variance and the result are shown in
the Table III below
TABLE III
DIFFERENCE AMONG AGE GROUPS AND FAMILY PLANNING
|
Sources of
variation
|
Sum of squres
|
Degree of variance
|
Mean source
|
‘f’ ratio
|
‘f’ critical
|
Test decision
|
|
BETWEEN GROUPS
|
40.556
|
2
|
20.278
|
0.2
|
3.06
|
Accept HO
|
|
WITHIN GROUP
|
16079.42
|
157
|
102.42
|
|
|
|
Level of Significance
= 0.05.
The data in Table iii
above shows that calculated “F” value is 0.2 is less than critical ‘F’ value
which is 3.06 at 0.05 level of significance. This confirmed that there is no
significance difference in the attitudes of respondents of age groups 20-29,
30-39, 40 and above towards family planning, this sub Hypothesis1 is accepted.
SUB HYPOTHESIS II:
there will be no significant difference between the attitudes of educated and
non-educated respondents towards family was tested with t-test statistical
analysis and the results are shown in table iv below.
TABLE IV
DIFFERENCE IN LEVEL OF EDUCATION AND FAMILY PLANNING
|
Sample
|
N
|
X
|
Sd
|
S2
|
DF
|
T
|
‘T’
|
TEST
|
|
ABOVE SCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
|
96
|
12.34
|
8.61
|
7418
|
|
|
|
|
|
SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
AND BELOW
|
66
|
6.17
|
10.32
|
106.4
|
160
|
4.67
|
1.96
|
REJECT HO
|
Level of Significance
= 0.05
From the data in
Table IV above, it can be deduced that the calculated t-value which is 4.67 is
more than the critical ‘t’ value which is 1.96 at 0.05 level of significance.
This shows that there is a significant difference in the attitudes of educated
and non educated respondents towards family planning, this sub-hypothesis ii is
rejected.
SUB-HYPOTHESIS III.
There will be no significant difference between the attitudes of young and old
couples toward family planning. The above sub hypothesis was tested using the
T-test statistical analysis and the results are shown in table V below.
TABLE V:-
DIFFERENCE IN LENGTH OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY PLANNING
|
SAMPLE
|
N
|
X
|
SD
|
S2
|
DF
|
T
|
‘T’
|
TEST DECISION
|
|
0-5 YEARS
|
82
|
10.7
|
10.98
|
120.56
|
|
|
|
|
|
6 YEARS AND ABOVE
|
8.0
|
9.69
|
9.70
|
94.07
|
160
|
0.33
|
1.96
|
ACCEPT HO
|
Level of Significance
=0.05
The calculate t-
value in Table v above which is 0.33 is les than critical ‘t” value which is
1.96 at 0.05 level of significance, confirming the fact that there is a
significant difference in the attitude of young and old couple towards family
planning thus sub hypothesis iii is accepted.
SUB – HYPOTHESIS IV: -
There will be no significant difference between the attitudes of male and
female respondents towards family planning. The above sub-hypothesis was tested
with T. test statistical analysis and the results are shown in table VI below
TABLE VI
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEA OF RESPONDENTS
|
SAMPLE
|
N
|
X
|
SD
|
S2
|
dt
|
T
|
‘t’
|
Test Decision
|
|
MALE
|
93
|
10.66
|
3.26
|
93.64
|
160
|
1.34
|
196
|
Accept HO
|
|
FEMALE
|
69
|
8.78
|
2.96
|
102.66
|
|
|
|
|
Level of Significance
– 0.05
From the data
presented in table VI above it is revealed that calculated t-value which is
1.34 falls within the acceptance region of the critical t-value which is 1.96
at 0.05 level of significance difference between the attitudes of men and women
forwards family planning hence sub hypothesis iv is accepted.
DISCUSSION
The results and
findings of this study indicated that people have a general knowledge of family
planning programmes, and the various services it renders. This is because
majority of the respondents support the fact that family planning is helpful
for the planning and spacing of children people also support the fact that
maximum of four children is ideal for a family. There has being a lot of
campaigns posters and films shown all round the country.
From the analysis of
data of the main hypothesis, it is confirmed that there is a significant
difference in the attitudes of Christian and Muslims toward family planning.
The findings of this study is consistent with findings of Olusanya (1979) that
the religion of Nigeria people affect s their attitudes towards family planning
which contradicts the findings of Busari (1990) Religions groups and family
planning.
It was observed that
the Muslims do not support the use of modern family planning methods except the
natural/traditional means which are not effective enough. The Muslims still
belief in procreation as a man marries many wives in which all the wives will
bear him many children, but some of them who are convinced of the importance
and necessity of the programme supported it privately
The Christian groups
show more interest in family planning because they believe that God expect man
to plan for life as its is one of the nature of God and that it is a sin to
bring forth children that cannot be catered for, hence, it is better to prevent
such pregnancies while the catholic groups and few others do not support them
modern family planning methods except for the natural methods. It is them
deduced that the religion of the respondents towards family planning.
The recent finding
shows that there is no significant difference in the sex of respondents and
family planning. This finding confirms that of Elesin (1986) that both men and women have a positive
attitude towards family planning but contradicts her later findings that women generally have higher
positive attitudes towards the programme a result of the fact that both men and
women were exposed to the same enlightenment programme of family planning.
The finding of the
third hypothesis tested concluded that there is a Significant difference in the level of education of married couple
and family planning which contradicts the stated hypothesis but confirm the findings
of Olusanya (1988) that the more
educated the couple are more number of years they space their children. This
could be because educated couple are more enlightened and have come to realize
that an unspaced pregnancy affects the health of the previous child.
The present finding
also shows that there is no significant difference in the attitudes of ages
groups of the respondent toward family planning. This could be due to the fact
that both men and women of difference ages are exposed to the same awareness of
family planning programmes. This concluded that Age do not determine the
attitudes of respondents towards family planning the length of marriage of
respondents do not also determine their attitudes towards family planning.
From these findings,
the condom is the popularly known method of preventing unwanted pregnancies
while sterilization is the least accepted by the people. This could be due to
the fact that sterilization method is permanent and irreversible and it is
meant for people who do not intend to have children any longer and as such many
people do not accept. It is now generally observe that the people of ijebu-ode
local government are of Ogun-state are now aware of family planning Services
and the various methods involved.
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
The purpose of this study is designed to examine the
relationship between Family Planning and Religion in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State.
This study was carried out under
five chapters. Chapter one revealed the introduction, the statement of
problems, board objective, the hypothesis, significance of the study, scope of
the study, limitation of the study and operational definition of terms.
Chapter two dealt with the review of
related literature by different authors, researchers and health experts in
relation to the topic. Finally the various family planning methods are reviewed
with greater emphasis on their effectiveness and side effects.
Chapter three treated the research
design, population, sample and sampling techniques research instruments,
validity of instruments, method of data collection and method of data analysis.
Descriptive survey research method was used for the study. A self structured
and validated questionnaire was used to collect data for the study. The
populations of the study were married couples in Ijebu Ode Local Government
Area. A total of 162 married couples were used in the study.
The data collected were collated and
analyzed with simple percentages for the acceptance or rejection of the hypotheses.
Chapter four was on the analysis,
interpretation and discussion of the responses to each hypothesis.
Chapter five of the study dealt with
the summary, conclusion and recommendations.
5.2 CONCLUSION
The findings of the
study formed the basis for the following conclusions. Six hypotheses
were tested; four were accepted while others were rejected. Based on the
findings of this study, the following conclusion could be drawn.
That,
1. There is
significant difference on the educational background of the respondent towards
the relationship between family planning and religion.
2. Religious
beliefs and the cultural beliefs were all found to significantly influence the
relationship between family planning and religion.
3. That
adequate knowledge of family planning is desirable to promote healthy growth of
the child and mother.
4. That sex,
length of marriage and age of the people do not affect their attitudes towards
family planning.
5. That
the cost of contraceptives is not a major barrier to its usage.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
The findings and conclusion of this study has
prompted the researchers to make the following recommendations towards the
improvement of the relationship between family planning and religion, that;
1. Sex
education should be taught to adolescents in secondary schools to prepare them
for future as they emerge from
adolescence to adulthood.
2. The
Government should subsidize the prices of condoms, injections, foam tablets,
pills, implants, IUCD and others so as
to encourage more people to make best use of such materials or be given
free.
3. Adequate
publicity and awareness programmes should be mounted on both electronic and
print media for the populace.
4. Government
should build more adequate health centres across the country and equip already
existing family health centres with modern equipments and qualified personnel.
5. As a
matter of urgency, Government should include family planning as an effective
course in the school curriculum.
6. There is
need for health education programme that will further enlighten the populace on
the importance of family planning in order to enhance the maximum utilization
of the methods available.
7. More
funds should be provided by the Government for further research on family
planning methods, so that everybody could find a suitable method for
his/herself irrespective of religion, age, sex or any other variables biases and
prejudices.
8. Finally,
I recommend further research in the area of relationship between family
planning and religion and researchers should cover more larger sample, it
should cover more local government in the state or the whole state to ensure accurate result.
REFERENCES
Adelakun, A. (1998), Religion and Family Planning. A paper
presented at three-day Family
Planning Information, Education and
Communication awareness campaign for twenty Imams in Kwara State , Nigeria
Adejumo W.J. (1996), Family Planning in Nigeria
Pathfinders
Project.
Agboola, O.R. (1992), Attitudes of men and women towards
Family Planning Services in
Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun STATE Project
Ogun State
University
University
Press.
BudGetchell. W. (1991): Having Children. Health for
Effective Living. Bosto: Houghton
Mifflin
Company. Pp294-295
Busari, M. J. (1990): Relationship between Family Planning
and Religion. A case study of
some
selected married women in University
of Ilorin
Castallo, M. A. (1980): Getting Ready for Parenthood. New York
Company.
David, W. S. (1988): Where there is no Doctor. London
Edition).
Pp285 – 296.
Ensor, G. (1985): Modern Health, London
Ford, J. S. and Swartz, O.R. (1989): Birth Control for Teenagers. A
Linacre Quarterly
Magazine:
New York
Framer, M.J. (1983); Ethical moves in Sexuality and
Reproduction. St. Louis
Himes, N.E. (1986): Medical History of Contraception.
Baltmore: Williams and Wikins
Publishers.
James, D.O. (1982): Growing Up. St.
Helier : Alcamaco Limited 1st edition Pp.74 – 87.
Janie, H. (1987): Healthy Living Healthy Loving. A guide
for happy, healthy relationship and
family
life. London
Malthus, T.F. (1990): First Essay on Population. London
Lambo, O.A. and Bakare, E.O. (1978): Psychological dimension of
fertility. Journal of Rural
African
Spring 12(5).
Ogg. E.O. (1994). A new chapter in Family planning. New York
Inc.
Olubanyi, D. (1986): Government stance on Family
Planning. Seminar paper presented on
Religion
and Family Planning organized by PPFN, kwara state Chapter.
Planfed
News. News letter of Planned Parenthood Federation of Nigeria. PPFN. June –
December
1981 and June – December 1989.
Websters News Collegiate Dictionary
(1979); Springfield , Massachusetts :
USA
Willard Cote. (1995): Family planning methods and
Practices: African Division of
Reproduction
Health: Atlanta
Zella, L. and Mitchel, R. (1989): Individual Concern. Psychology of
Human Sexuality. New
APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FAMILY PLANNING
AND RELIGON IN IJEBU ODE LOCAL GOVENRMENT OF OGUN STATE
Dear Respondents,
This
questionnaire is design to know your views concerning relationship between
family planning and religion in Ijebu Ode Local Government of Ogun State.
Please note that this
research work is intended for academic purposes and it will be treated with
utmost confidentiality.
Kindly,
respond to each statement as it agrees with your opinion
Yours sincerely,
Alison Abiodun S.
SECTION A
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Put (x) in the
appropriate Box
1. SEX (i) Male
(ii) Female
2. AGE (i) 20-29
(ii) 30-39
(iii) 40 and above
3. RELIGION (i) Christianity
(ii) Islam
(iii) Others Specify
4. MARITAL STATUS (i) single
(ii) Married
(iii) Divorced
(iv) Windowed
5. OCCUPATION (i) Farming
(ii) Civil Servant
(iii) Business Man
(iv) Traders
(v) Others
6. YEARS IN MARRIAGE (i) Less
than 5 years
(ii) 5-10 years
(iii) 11-20yars
(iv) 21-30years
(v) 31 and above
7. ETHINIC GROUP (i) Yoruba
(ii) Hausa
(iii) Igbo
(iv) Others
SECTION B
SA - STRONGLY
AGREE
A - AGREE
SD - STRONGLY
DISAGREE
D - DISAGREE
Please respond to the
under mentioned statement by ticking the most appropriate answer where
applicable.
|
AGE
|
SA
|
A
|
D
|
SD
|
|
1. My Age Does Not
Prevent Me From Using Family Planning
2. As You Grow Old
In Marriage You Become More Knowledgeable About Family Planning
3. Young People Are
More Sexually Active And They Needs Knowledge
Of Family Planning
4. Single Girl/Boys
Should Be Allowed To Visit Family Planning Clinic For Counseling On
Abstinence
ATTITUDE
5. Family Planning
Should Be Encourage In The Society
6. Couples Should
Be Left To Determine The Numbers Of Children They Should Have
7. Family planning
is helpful for the planning and spacing of family
8. Adequate
knowledge of family planning promotes extra marital sexual relationship with
other people
CULTURAL BELIEFS
10. My culture goes
against the use of contraceptives
11. My culture
welcomes as many children as you can have, no usage of any preventive
medicine.
12. My culture does
not agree with the use of family planning because it beliefs gives room for
extra marital affairs.
LEVEL OF EDUCATION
13. One uses family
planning because of the adequate knowledge one has about it.
14. Reliability
& Durability of the methods encourage its usage.
15. One uses
contraceptive because it is easily accessible.
16. Family planning
methods should be taught in both mosques and churches.
RELIGIOUS BELIEF
17. My religion
prevents me from using contraceptive.
18. Natural family
planning is the only method that my religion favour.
19. My religion
believes that it is God that giveth and feedteth the child, hence one should have
as many as God giveth.
20. My religion is
not a barrier to the use of family planning.
|
|
|
|
|
SECTION C
List the different
family planning methods that you would recommend for adoption
1. Abstinence
2. Bulling Ovulation Method
3. Calendar/ rhythm method
4. Based body temperature method
5. Withdrawal method
6. Breast feeding method
7. Sperm icicles
8. Condom
9. Diaphragm
10. Oral Contraceptive pulls
11. Injectables
12. Implants
13. Bilateral tubal ligation
14. Vasectomy
